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"Empirical Knowledge on Foreign Military Intervention" published on by Oxford University Press.

Man has ever sought knowledge (science), and in different forms. And, empirical knowledge is one of these forms, which is always hoisted as having stood the test of time. Hence, the problem was to see if empirical knowledge has yet overcome the age long problem of fallibilism. The purpose here was to show that empirical knowledge is still fallible. HIV/AIDS as a form of empirical science investigation was used to show case this. This was seen as important because if empirical knowledge has failings these should be shown to be the case. Fallibilism in empirical knowledge was showcased as deriving from politics of experience, foundation of the empirical science, the scourge of imperialism, pseudo-phobia and obsessive solipsism, social and cultural factors in hermeneutics and stereo-typed obsession with final authority.

There typical EWC development paths can he singled out. To a certain extent these paths already exist. They can also he described as development stages of individual EWCs: the EWC with an exclusively national frame of reference: the EWC which is taking on an international quality, but focusses on the industrial relations within the parent company's country: the EWC deliberately working to develop a supranational collective identity with a European underpinning amongst members tending towards equality. Four dimensions can be analytically distinguished in this regard: time, money, information and power. The better the EWC can equip itself in terms of these four "claims", the greater is the chance of developing a European identity and ability to act effectively. Naturally, the reverse is also true. The four claims are here differentiated in relation to EWCs, based on empirical knowledge mainly derived from two projects in which the author was or is a participant. As examples, the cases of Hoechst (chemical industry), Schmalbach-Lubeca (metalworking industry), AXA/UAP (insurance) and Kredietbank (baiting) are succinctly described. The evaluation looks selectively at a few other relevant empirical project results without detailed substantiation. The results are generalised in terms of a "good EWC practice". The final part deals with the main subjects of the forthcoming revision of the EWC Directive, which focuses on improvement of the four main claims of EWCs' resource situation.

Im Hinblick auf EBR lassen sich drei typische Entwicklungen unterscheiden. Bis zu einem bestimmten Grad sind sie bereits existent und lassen sich als Entwicklungsphasen einzelner EBR darstellen: Der EBR mit einem ausschließlich nationalen Bezugsrahmen; der EBR, der internationale Merkmale besitzt, sich jedoch auf die industriellen Beziehungen des Landes, in dem sich die Muttergesellschaft befindet, konzentriert; der EBR, der bewußt darauf abzielt, eine supranationale Identität mit europäischer Dimension zu entwickeln, wobei alle Mitglieder gleichgestellt sind. In diesem Zusammenhang lassen sich die folgenden vier Dimensionen voneinander abheben: Zeit, Geld, Information und Macht. Je besser ein EBR in der Lage ist, diese vier "Anforderungen" zu erfüllen, desto größer ist die Chance, daß dabei eine europäische Identität entwickelt wird, die dazu befähigt, wirksam zu handeln. Natürlich trifft das Gegenteil ebenso zu. Die vier Dimensionen wurden auf der Grundlage von empirischen Studien innerhalb von zwei Projekten entwickelt, an denen der Autor beteiligt war bzw. auch derzeit noch ist. Als Beispiele werden die Fälle Hoechst - Chemische Industrie -, Schmalbach-Lubeca - Metallindustrie -, AXA/UAP - Versicherung - und Kreditbank - Bankwesen - genau untersucht. Bei der Auswertung werden teilweise auch einige andere Ergebnisse der beiden Projekte berücksichtigt, ohne daß diese jedoch im einzelnen erörtert werden. Die Resultate der Studien werden zu "guten EBR-Praktiken" verallgemeinert. Im letzten Teil diskutiert der Verfasser die wichtigsten Themen hinsichtlich der bevorstehenden Überprüfung der EBR-Richtlinie. Bei dieser Überprüfung steht die Verbesserung der dem EBR zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen im Mittelpunkt, wodurch eine bessere Erfüllung der vier oben genannten Anforderungen ermöglicht werden soll. (Transfer / FUB)

Examined is the relationship between theoretical frameworks & empirical inquiry in US stratification research, based on N. R. Hanson's concept of theory-laden research (Patterns of Discovery, Cambridge, England: Cambridge U Press, 1958). Focus is on a particular theoretical assumption of the neoclassical theory of the SE order underlying status attainment: the market homogeneity assumption, which assumes that workers operate within a homogeneous marketplace wherein all participants have equal opportunity to exchange resources at uniformly set rates according to a standard set of rules. Data are drawn from the 1973 replicate of the 1962 Occupational Changes in a Generation survey of US Ms aged 20-64 (N = 33,613). The impact of this assumption on empirical research is illustrated by contrasting estimates for models of status & earnings determination with & without the assumption. The segmented market assumption of dual economy theory is shown to be empirically more fruitful than the market homogeneity assumption, even when an individualistic SE model is used. Assuming market homogeneity can lead analysts to mistaken interpretations of structural differences in individual resource allocations. Position within the SE order is shown to be dependent on individual attainment processes. 2 Tables, 2 Figures. Modified HA.

Making" and "knowing" have generally been viewed as belonging to different types and orders of knowledge. "Craft" and "making" have been associated with how-to information, oriented to a particular situation or product, often informal and tacit, while "knowing" has been related to theoretical, propositional, and abstract knowledge including natural science. Although craftspeople and artists have worked with natural materials and sometimes have been viewed as experts in the behavior of matter, the notion that making art can constitute a means of knowing nature is a novel one. This book explores the circumstances under which making constituted knowing, and, more specifically, it examines the relationship between making objects and knowing nature in Europe from about 1450 to 1850

When selecting a marriage education curriculum, educators can turn to programs that have been evaluated for effectiveness; however, few curricula have undergone such study. An alternative approach, consistent with best practices, is to ensure a research base for program content. A translation process model is offered as an initial attempt to explicate the often advocated yet seldom described research–practice linkage. This process is used to examine recent research on marital quality and provide examples of research‐based content in existing marriage education programs.